* | September 21, 1863 New York City, New York, USA | |
† | April 26, 1915 New Rochelle, New York, USA |
David W. Menefee The First Male Stars, Men of the Silent Era Albany, 2007 |
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Anthony Slide Silent Players, A Biographical and Autobiographical Study of 100 Silent Film Actors and Actresses Lexington, Ky, 2002 |
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Glenn Mitchell A-Z of Silent Film Comedy, An Illustrated Companion London, 1998 |
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Wes D. Gehring Personality Comedians As Genre, Selected Players Westport, Connecticut - London, 1997 |
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Ronald L. Smith Who's Who in Comedy, Comedians, Comics and Clowns From Vaudeville to Today's Stand-ups New York, Oxford, 1992 |
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Kalton C. Lahue and Sam Gill Clown Princes and Court Jesters South Brunswick and New York - London, 1970 |
Richard Abel (ed.) Encyclopedia of early cinema London and New York, 2005 |
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Roy Liebman Silent Film Performers, An Annotated Bibliography of Published, Unpublished and Archival Sources for over 350 Actors and Actresses Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, 1996 |
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Joe Franklin Encyclopedia of Comedians Secaucus, N.J., 1979 |
John Richard Finch and Paul Elby Close-Ups, From the Golden Age of the Silent Cinema South Brunswick and New York - London, 1978 |